eAI Journal - Wiring the Enterprise for = Real-Time

From: Subject: eAI Journal - Wiring the Enterprise for Real-Time Date: Wed, 6 Mar 2002 22:09:22 -0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_00C9_01C1C55B.9210E0C0"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2600.0000 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_00C9_01C1C55B.9210E0C0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: file://C:\Download\Talarian%20Press\eAI%20Journal%20Article.htm eAI Journal - Wiring the Enterprise for = Real-Time

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Wiring the Enterprise for=20 Real-Time
By Brian Whetten

To make information = instantly available throughout the enterprise, Information = Technology=20 (I/T) organizations are transforming their legacy client/server=20 architectures into Internet Protocol (IP)-based systems. These = systems=20 support highly distributed applications and services over = intranets,=20 extranets and the Internet.

An integrated infrastructure is = necessary to support this trend. That requires inclusive = computing, which=20 Tony Brown, editor-in-chief of eAI Journal, defines as "the set of = integration technologies that gets things to work together, = whether this=20 is different departments in an organization, different partners in = a value=20 chain or different companies on opposite sides of the=20 world."

This infrastructure is part of a corporate = push to=20 =93dot-com the enterprise.=94 Companies are turning to unified IP = networks to=20 connect employees, customers, vendors, strategic partners and even = competitors. They=92re creating a digital Web that redefines both=20 business-to-business (B2B) and business-to customer (B2C) = relationships.=20 The emphasis is on real-time because the enterprise with the = timeliest=20 information has a competitive edge. It can be more responsive to=20 customers, bring products to market faster and create a value = chain that=20 works at Internet speeds.

Specifically, today's = enterprises=20 are looking for:

=B7 straight-through processing between = all members=20 of the value chain, despite heterogeneous environments

=B7=20 integration of new IP-based applications with legacy = applications

=B7=20 interconnecting hundreds or thousands of geographically-dispersed=20 offices

=B7 delivery of real-time information to customers = and=20 partners over the Internet, intranets and extranets

=B7 = support for=20 high bandwidth, real-time applications such as multimedia content=20 streaming, live news and financial market data, distance learning = and=20 software distribution

=B7 a firm foundation of industry = accepted=20 products and standards on which to build

Real-Time=20 Infrastructure Software

Achieve the full benefit = of=20 =93inclusive computing=94 requires new levels of software in the = enterprise =97=20 application integration software and real-time infrastructure=20 software.

Application integration software is = required to=20 reduce the cost and time required for integrating the disparate=20 applications inside and across enterprises. Application-specific=20 =93adapters=94 are required for databases, mainframe applications, = back-office=20 applications, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) applications, = Web=20 sites and many others. This software is essential because it lets=20 companies perform this integration faster, with less cost and = complexity.=20 Similar to a compiler or Fourth-Generation Language (4GL) tool, it = provides leverage to the developers building out the new = e-business=20 applications and heading up Enterprise Application Integration = (EAI)=20 efforts.

Application integration software provides a = way to=20 create adapters into different applications, but doesn=92t provide = the=20 actual communication between them. Real-time infrastructure = software is=20 responsible for providing the messaging foundation to actually tie = applications together in real-time, with mission-critical = reliability and=20 availability. Similar to network hardware, real-time = infrastructure=20 software provides a core set of communication services that, = ideally, are=20 invisible to the actual applications.

As the first = wave of=20 e-commerce, e-business, B2B and EAI applications have emerged, = many have=20 incorporated homegrown infrastructure services. These services are = built=20 directly on top of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Secure = Sockets=20 Layer (SSL) and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol = (TCP/IP),=20 or to use their existing client/server communication tools. Speed = of=20 implementation has been the overriding priority and application=20 integration software the most urgent need. However, as many more = firms=20 become dependent on these communication infrastructures, there=92s = a growing=20 requirement for proven solutions that provide these services in a = robust,=20 scalable way.

These core services include:

=B7 = real-time=20 message delivery to either individual receivers or groups of=20 receivers

=B7 reliable message delivery even in the face of = network=20 or server failures

=B7 high availability and hot-swapping = of=20 infrastructure servers to support non-stop operations

=B7 = load=20 balancing to allow high-volume applications to scale

=B7 = integrated=20 security to allow applications to run across firewalls

=B7 = network=20 monitoring and management

=B7 cross-platform support for = all common=20 languages, platforms, networks, and operating systems

=B7 = seamless=20 support for mobile and wireless devices

=B7 support for all = major=20 communication models: request-reply, peer-peer, and=20 publish-subscribe

The primary real-time infrastructure = products=20 that provide all these required services are publish/subscribe = products,=20 traditionally called message-oriented middleware. Unlike = client/server=20 communication, where a server provides centralized aggregation of=20 information, and clients periodically request this information,=20 publish/subscribe supports fully distributed communication. With = this=20 model, all servers and clients can be peers on the network. Any = client or=20 server can subscribe to the subjects it is interested in receiving = information about. When the information is created or updated, it = will=20 automatically be delivered from the publisher to all the = subscribers.=20 Client/server systems require the clients to know where the = information=20 they want is located and when it has changed. In contrast,=20 publish/subscribe systems automatically and instantaneously = deliver new=20 information to the receivers who want it.

Leading=20 publish/subscribe products have helped run many of the world=92s = most=20 demanding applications, including stock exchanges, financial = trading=20 floors, semiconductor manufacturing plants, telecommunications=20 infrastructure, telemedicine applications, nuclear power plants, = and even=20 aerospace systems such as the Space Shuttle. Now, these products = are=20 becoming the foundation for a much broader class of applications,=20 including EAI e-commerce, e-business, B2B and B2C=20 systems.

Most large EAI projects today require both=20 publish/subscribe and message-oriented middleware functionality.=20 Consequently, I/T and engineering managers need to evaluate = vendors=92=20 products for each of these two needs, recognizing that the two = sets of=20 requirements and comparison criteria are largely disjoint. This is = analogous to a project building client/server applications, where = a set of=20 4GL tools must be evaluated to see how well they enable faster and = lower=20 cost development of applications, and a set of databases must be = evaluated=20 based on completely different, infrastructure software=20 criteria.

The key criteria for evaluating the relative = merits of=20 different real-time infrastructure software products are similar = to the=20 criteria for comparing network hardware or database products. = These=20 include:

=B7 scalability. How many hosts can be connected? = Over how=20 many geographic locations?

=B7 performance. How fast = are=20 messages delivered? How many can be delivered each = second?

=B7=20 efficiency. How many network and computer resources are = used?

=B7 use=20 of open standards. Does the product support all applicable open=20 standards?

=B7 ease of deployment. How easy is it to = deploy, manage=20 and maintain the product?

=B7 networks supported. Can the = product=20 work both in intranets, extranets, wireless networks and the=20 Internet?

=B7 product and vendor reputation. Have the = products=20 already been proven in large numbers of demanding, = mission-critical=20 environments?

Under the Hood

To meet this = demanding=20 list of requirements, real-time infrastructure products need to = seamlessly=20 meld leading publish/subscribe and reliable multicast=20 technologies.

In publish/subscribe, programs = subscribe to (or=20 register interest in) a specific subject. Programs also publish = (send)=20 messages relevant to the subject. Once a program has subscribed to = a=20 subject, the program will receive any messages published to that = subject=20 in the distributed application.

Reliable multicast = uses the=20 same basic model of communication. Receivers subscribe to a class = D IP=20 multicast address, and senders publish to that address, with the = network=20 hardware and software infrastructure in between these nodes = providing=20 efficient, automatic and reliable delivery to subscribing = receivers.=20 Reliable multicast is extremely efficient and offers up to = TCP-level=20 reliability, while publish/subscribe should allow deployment on = any=20 network with or without multicast support, and offers many = higher-level=20 features and levels of reliability.

In conventional network = applications, two programs that need to communicate must specify a = physical network address (for example, TCP/IP requires a node name = and=20 port number). If a program wants to send a message to several = other=20 programs, it must first know their physical network address and = then=20 create and maintain a connection to every program. Configuration = is=20 complicated and tedious, and scalability is a major problem. In = the=20 publish-subscribe and reliable multicast models, the program = simply sends=20 the message with a subject or class D IP address as the = destination=20 property, then the infrastructure routes the message to all = programs that=20 have subscribed to that subject or = address.

Publish-subscribe=20 technology typically uses a set of infrastructure agents that = maintain the=20 real-time routing necessary to connect publishers and subscribers. = Publish/subscribe also provides additional levels of fault = tolerance,=20 guaranteed message delivery, load balancing, security, monitoring = and=20 management, on top of this routing technology. Publish/subscribe = lets=20 servers =93push=94 information to clients as soon as it becomes = available,=20 rather than requiring clients to periodically poll a server to see = if=20 information has changed. So, publish-subscribe technology provides = fundamentally better real-time delivery of messages than = request/reply=20 technologies.

This kind of real-time infrastructure = software takes=20 care of network interfaces, guaranteed delivery of messages, = handles=20 communications protocols, and effectively deals with application = recovery=20 in the wake of system or network problems. It frees up software = developers=20 to work on higher-level application issues, rather than being = concerned=20 with the underlying complexities of the network infrastructure. = The=20 software developers concentrate on just building their = applications and=20 the network managers then work with the real-time infrastructure = software=20 to deploy these applications in any needed network=20 environment.

Real-time infrastructure software tends to = increase=20 productivity because it eliminates the need for network = programming=20 skills. It also is highly scalable, able to meet the demand of = high=20 numbers of processes, amounts of message traffic and number of = machines=20 involved in communication. Investment in legacy programs is = protected.=20 Developers can add calls to the infrastructure software=92s = Application=20 Programming Interface (API) or C++ classes within existing = software,=20 letting these programs integrate easily into the distributed = application.=20 Due to hot fail-over capabilities, load balancing, guaranteed = message=20 delivery and real-time monitoring tools, application availability = is=20 significantly increased.

Reliable = Multicast

At=20 the core of this publish/subscribe information sharing are the = real-time=20 infrastructure software engines that provide the fundamental = routing and=20 communication. To meet the requirements of scalability, efficiency = and=20 universal deployment, these engines must seamlessly support both = reliable=20 unicast (i.e., TCP/IP) and Reliable Multicast Transfer Protocol=20 (RMTP).

Unicast provides communication to a single=20 destination while multicast supports information transfer to many=20 recipients simultaneously. Multicast is efficient in that any = packet sent=20 never crosses any link more than once. It=92s also discriminate; = packets=20 only go to the receivers who have subscribed to that address. = TCP/IP=20 provides unicast, while IP multicast provides=20 multicast.

While TCP/IP is spoken as one word, it = encompasses=20 two different protocols. IP provides unreliable message routing = throughout=20 the network, while TCP provides end-to-end message reliability and = shares=20 the network fairly and safely among many connections. While IP = multicast=20 is a standard for how to send packets unreliably to many = recipients, there=20 are not yet standards for the equivalent of TCP for multicast. The = Internet Engineering Task Force has chartered a Reliable Multicast = Transport Working Group, which is presently standardizing multiple = protocols that provide this function. Commercial reliable = multicast=20 protocols exist today, including several from=20 Talarian.

Reliable multicast provides extremely = efficient=20 delivery of information to large groups of receivers and = fundamentally=20 uses a publish/subscribe paradigm. However, it is not deployable = in the=20 many networks that don=92t yet have IP multicast turned on in = their routers.=20 This makes it crucial for a real-time infrastructure product to = also be=20 able to work only over TCP/IP. Scalability is made significantly = more=20 difficult in this case, but existing products, such as = Talarian=92s=20 SmartSockets, have customer deployments with 10,000 simultaneously = connected nodes using just TCP/IP.

RMTP-II, a leading = transport=20 protocol for IP multicast, is the result of a decade of research = into the=20 important class of one-to-many applications and the use of a = hierarchical=20 structure of interior control nodes to provide scalability to = groups of up=20 to tens of thousands of simultaneous receivers. RMTP-II draws = heavily on=20 the original RMTP protocol and subsequent academic research on = that=20 protocol. It provides the equivalent of TCP functionality over = unreliable=20 IP multicast.

To provide this level of reliability, RMTP-II = addresses both transient and system faults that cause network = service=20 failures. Transient faults are usually due to transmission errors = or=20 congestion overflow that prevents a packet from reaching some or = all of=20 its destinations. A transient fault may also correspond to a = process that=20 has not crashed, but simply has not received service for an = extended=20 time.

System faults are associated with either a network = partition=20 or process failure. In an arbitrary network such as the Internet, = it=92s=20 impossible to differentiate between a crashed site and an = arbitrary TCP/IP=20 delay in message delivery due to network congestion or other = factors.=20 Usually, a site is assumed dead to keep it from indefinitely = blocking=20 other sites.

RMTP-II recovers from transient faults = and=20 provides error detection and recovery from system faults. Unlike = most=20 other reliable multicast protocols (with the exception of the = RMP),=20 RMTP-II keeps track of when all receivers have received all the = data,=20 providing true TCP-level reliability. Other protocols typically = assume=20 that receivers will notify the senders if they=92re missing data, = but never=20 send any positive confirmation of data receipt. In a way, it is = the=20 difference between sending something via U.S. mail =97 where you = expect it=20 to be delivered =97 versus Federal Express, where you can get = confirmation=20 of receipt.

By combining RMTP-II with the guaranteed = message=20 delivery capabilities provided by real-time infrastructure = software, the=20 network can recover from an extremely wide range of system faults = without=20 message loss.

Besides error recovery, TCP offers = congestion=20 control, which causes all TCP connections to share the network = fairly and=20 safely. RMTP-II is the first commercial protocol that also = provides=20 =93TCP-friendly=94 congestion control. This means RMTP-II will = share the=20 network fairly with existing applications, and degrade gracefully = under=20 high load. In the past, you could deploy multicast and broadcast=20 applications only on controlled networks, where the network = managers knew=20 there was always excess bandwidth available. RMTP-II=92s = congestion control=20 allows deployment in any multicast-enabled intranet, extranet or = Internet=20 environment. With its integration of the RMP and RMTP-II reliable=20 multicast protocols, SmartSockets can provide message delivery = using TCP,=20 reliable multicast, or a combination.

A Matter of=20 Scalability

To provide scaleable, real-time reliable = multicast,=20 the research community has recognized that special infrastructure = software=20 is necessary in the network. Protocols such as PGM require new = router=20 software to be deployed in order to scale, while protocols such as = RMTP-II=20 primarily depend on new server software to be deployed for = scalability.=20 However, RMTP-II is designed to take advantage of optional Generic = Router=20 Assist when it becomes available.

Several emerging = content=20 distribution applications continue to influence the development = and=20 standardization of reliable multicast protocols. These include = real-time=20 financial data, electronic software distribution, multimedia = streaming=20 applications, distance learning and server replication. Typically, = these=20 applications have only a few senders broadcasting information to = up to=20 tens of thousands of recipients. However, EAI, B2B and other = large-scale=20 distributed applications require that any member can be a sender = or=20 receiver. Integration of the RMP and RMTP-II reliable multicast = protocols=20 with the SmartSockets publish/subscribe product results in first = truly=20 scaleable many-many real-time communications infrastructure for = these=20 critical applications. Organizations can now deploy these = applications on=20 a wide range of networks, including intranets, extranets and the = Internet,=20 as well as highly asymmetrical networks such as satellite = downlinks with=20 terrestrial return paths, wireless networks, and networks with=20 thin-clients as receivers.

Despite the urgency = associated=20 with EAI, B2B and content-distribution applications, many network = managers=20 are concerned that multicast applications will be detrimental to = the=20 network. This concern stems from the large potential fan-out of = each=20 application and the high bandwidth requirements of multimedia=20 applications. RMTP-II is the only reliable multicast protocol to = offer=20 network managers explicit controls for monitoring and managing the = multicast traffic going across their networks. Either stand-alone, = or=20 combined with SmartSockets, it gives network managers control over = large-scale multicast, EAI and B2B applications.

This=20 next-generation, real-time infrastructure software, combining the = leading=20 publish/subscribe and reliable/multicast technologies, is one of = two key=20 technologies that support inclusive computing. When building out = EAI and=20 B2B projects, I/T managers and developers should evaluate = different=20 real-time infrastructure software products to see which best meet = their=20 requirements. They should also separately evaluate which = application=20 integration software packages best suit their needs. Vendors for = both of=20 these sets of products need to provide interoperability between = their=20 products. The market should expect this and vendors will likely = provide=20 it.

About the Author: Brian Whetten is chief = scientist=20 at Talarian Corp.

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